IRAQI TURKMEN
Geographical Features:
The majority of the Muslim Turkmens are concentrated in the northern Iraqi provinces of Mosul, Erbil, Kerkuk, Salahaddin and Diyala. There are also significant numbers of Turkmens in the central provinces of Baghdad, Wasit, Kerbala and Najaf.
Population:
The Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq after the Kurds and Arabs. The number of the Turkmens is estimated at 3 million or %13 of the Iraqi population. They form a cultural buffer zone between Arabs in the south and Kurds in the north.
The Turkmen region has large natural resources such as Oil, gas and Sulphur. In addition, there is an abundant production of wheat and cotton.
Language:
Turkish language closer to Azerbaijani.
Organizations:
The Iraqi Turkmens are represented in the UNPO by Dr. Muzaffer Arslan the founder of the Iraqi National Turkmen Party (INTP). Turkmens have the following political organizations:
1- Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF) which is an umbrella organizations of four parties: INTP, Turkmeneli Party (TP), Islamic Movement of Iraqi Turkmens (IMIT) and the Independents Movement.
2- Turkmen Nationalist Movement (TNM),
3- Turkmen Wafa Movement,
4- Islamic Union of Iraqi Turkmens(IUIT),
5- Turkmen Development and Liberation Party (TDLP).
Non political organizations are: Turkmeneli Cooperation and Cultural Foundation (TCCF) in Turkey, Turkmen Brotherhood Center (TBC) in Iraq and Iraqi Turks Culture and Solidarity Association in Turkey.
On October 7.th 1997, Turkmen organizations arranged a "Turkmen Assembly" in Erbil, northern Iraq. The assembly gathered most of the Turkmen organizations, and determined the cultural, educational, information and social policies for the Turkmen people. The groups who attended the assembly have adopted the "Declaration of Fundamental Principles. A 30 member council was created from various Turkmen organizations.
In order to maintain the identity of the Turkmens and to ensure social solidarity worldwide, several associations and foundations were established in Denmark, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Turkey, Canada, the USA and Australia.
Turkmen Reality:
The Turkmens are a distinct society and the third largest nationality in Iraq.
They are distinct in language and culture from both their neighbors, the Arabs and Kurds. Yet, the Turkmens are continuously denied political rights and systematically faced assimilation.
Historical background:
The Turkmens, originally came from central Asia, where the Sumerians came from. They are descendants of the Turkic speaking Oghuz tribes who began settling in Iraq 1500 years ago and inhabited the northern and central regions of Iraq.
They had significant role in the administration of Iraq and established 6 states, The Seljuks, Atabegs,
Ilkhanids, Jalairids, Qara Qoyunlus and Aq Qoyunlus.
Brief Recent History:
October 30, 1918, at the end of First World War, the Mosul province was still within the borders of the Ottoman Empire. The British troops occupied the territory after the cease-fire on November 11, 1918. Turkey refused to accept this act and demanded the return of Mosul province.
The Turkmens and Kurds resisted British authority by participating in the popular 1920 Iraqi revolution and refused the British installed Hejazi Hashemite monarchy in 1921.
Turkmens were attacked on May 4, 1924 by the British army mercenaries (Levies) in Kerkuk, where hundreds of civilians were killed.
1925, Under the Constitution, the Kurds and the Turkmens had the right to use their own languages in schools, government offices and to have their own language press.
June 5, 1926, Turkey, under British pressure, accepted the integration of Mosul into Iraq.
1932, Entering the League of Nations, the Iraqi government declared that it will respect all minority rights. But in 1933 began closing Turkmen schools and sent activists into exile.
1940 Arab tribes were settled west of Kerkuk.
July 14th 1959, Communists and separatist militias massacred Turkmen leaders along with hundreds of Turkmens in Kerkuk in an attempt to ethnically cleanse the city.
Revised census of 1957, which did not include the Turkmens of Mosul region, showed the Turkmens as %9 of the Iraqi population,.
January 24th 1970, The Baathist government granted cultural rights to the Turkmens. But in 1972 prohibited the study in the Turkish language and restricted the Turkish media in Iraq to one weekly journal and one monthly magazine promoting Baath propaganda.
1973, In the Interim Constitution, no reference was made to the Turkmen population in Iraq.
January 16th 1980, Four Turkmen leaders were executed by the Baath regime and prohibited the public use of the Turkish language. In the eighties, Turkmen activists were arrested, tortured and executed. Hundreds of thousands of Arabs were brought from central and southern Iraq and settled by the Baath government in Kerkuk and other Turkmen towns.
1990, the new Constitution states that “Iraqi people consist of Arabs and Kurds” only.
1991, the creation of the Safe Haven by the UN after the Gulf War, Included Erbil. Thus, divided the Turkmens into two separate communities, a minority (%10) in the north and the rest under Iraqi administration.
The same year, Iraqi Turkmens became member of UNPO.
April 24th 1995, The Iraqi Turkmen Front (ITF) was formed in Erbil as an umbrella organization to include all Turkmen parties and movements such as INTP, Turkmeneli Party, Independents Movement and 2 non political organizations.
1996, Assault on the Safe Haven” by the Iraqi army, the headquarters of the INTP was attacked and destroyed. Tens of Turkmen leaders were executed.
2003 April 10th, U.S. forces entered Kerkuk and all Turkmen towns.
Assimilation Campaigns:
Turkmens suffered from various degrees of suppression and assimilation that ranged from political persecution and exile to terror, massacres and ethnic cleansing.
During the British and monarchy era, despite 1925 constitution and 1932 League of Nations declaration, cultural rights were gradually taken away, activists were sent to exile. Arab tribes were settled west of Kerkuk.
During the Communist era, Communist and separatist groups committed the Kerkuk Massacre of July 14.th, 1959 which aimed at terrorizing and ethnically cleansing the Turkmens from the city.
During the Baathist era, the Iraqi administration granted some cultural rights to the Turkmens on January 24.th, 1970, including education in the Turkish language in primary schools, daily radio broadcasting for two hours and TV broadcasting for half an hour in the Turkish language, these rights were gradually taken away by the authorities and by 1972, all Turkish schools were closed.
The assimilation of the Turkmens already became a state policy in 1971 when the General Assembly of the Baath Party decided to complete the Arabization of Kerkuk by 1980. Administrative boundaries were changed in 1974 to divide Turkmen concentrations. Since the mid 70s, Arabs enjoyed special incentives and rights encouraging them to move to historically Turkmen areas including the oil-rich city of Kerkuk. In the latter half of the 1970s, the names of several villages and places in the Governorate of Kerkuk were officially given Arabic names (Al-Tamim). Turkish was prohibited in public and even in telephone conversations. Hundreds of Turkmen villages and towns were demolished. Their inhabitants expelled or forcibly transferred to remote areas in southern Iraq.
In Iraq's judicial system, the Turkmen were ignored and the several Iraqi constitutions say that Iraq is made of Arabs and Kurds and “other” minorities without mentioning the Turkmens.
The Iraqi Turkmens suffered severely under the dictatorship of the Socialist Arab Baath Party, as they were not allowed to form political parties, open private schools, publish any books, magazines or newspapers which caused a cultural damage.
Against these pressures, the only Turkmen NGO, Turkmeneli Cooperation and Cultural Foundation (TCCF), managed to repair some of that damage by opening Turkmen schools and publishing Turkish newspapers and magazines in Erbil and few towns of Northern Iraq.
Opposition Activities in Exile and in Iraq:
ITF began to introduce the Turkmen issue to the world by opening representations in Berlin, London and Washington. Participated in all Iraqi opposition meetings in exile. However, few Iraqi organizations began to monopolize the leadership and blocked the ITF from taking its rightful place as the representative organization for the Turkmen people within the leadership group.
On March 19, 2003, U.S. decided to end the Baath regime, U.S. forces entered Kerkuk on April, 10, 2003 and Mosul the next day. All government and public offices and properties were looted by separatist militias.
U.S. administration established city councils in Kerkuk and other Turkmen towns, Turkmens were represented by one fifth of the total number.
In Baghdad a governing council was appointed by the Americans, Turkmens were given only one symbolic seat among 25.
Turkmens protested Governing Council appointments through many protest demonstrations in Baghdad, Kerkuk and Tuz. Some of those ended with bloody attacks by separatist militias.
Turkmen Demands:
1- Self Determination: They should be free to decide their destiny.
2- Self Administration: They should be able to administer themselves in their areas where they constitute a majority, so they can maintain, develop and practice their culture and language freely.
3- Participation in Iraqi administration according to their population ratio which should be established by an internationally observed census.
Methods of Implementation:
1- Disarming of the separatist groups and militias who restrict Turkmens freedom and impose the separatist agenda.
2- Internationally observed fair and just census to reveal the ethnic facts.
3- Internationally observed fair and just elections to establish the National Assembly which reveals the true representations of all groups.
Current situation:
The disarming of the separatist groups did not happen, on the contrary, they were legalized and included in the police force.
The long awaited census did not happen. International observation for the January 30, 2005 Iraqi elections was too weak or non existent. In the north the process was rigged by separatist groups. Fraud, manipulation, fake and duplicate voting, stealing of ballot boxes and prevention of voting in the Mosul region reduced Turkmen representation to an unacceptable low levels.
Turkmens believe that without European and international observation and participation, any census or elections will be biased and open to manipulation.
Turkmens still do not control their lands and affairs. Ethnic tensions remain high in the north.
Since April 2003, American authorities in Iraq have ignored Turkmen sensitivities and in some cases, acted against them, such as the heavy bombardment of Telafer in September 2004.
In general, the Turkmens did not see the fairness, justice and the democracy that Americans promised to bring.
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